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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Breaking the aging epigenetic barrier.

Sweta Sikder1, Ganesan Arunkumar1, Daniël P Melters1

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Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|August 15, 2022
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Aging cells undergo nuclear changes, including altered chromatin structure and epigenomic modifications. These genomic and epigenomic shifts in aged cells can promote tumor formation, highlighting a link between aging and cancer development.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Aging is a universal process involving progressive cell function loss.
  • Nuclear events during aging, particularly chromatin dynamics, are not fully understood.
  • Cellular aging is linked to genomic instability and a pro-tumorigenic environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review genomic and epigenomic alterations within aging cells.
  • To explore how these nuclear changes contribute to age-related cancer.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving chromatin modifications in aged cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of chromosome capture techniques and sequencing technologies.
  • Analysis of epigenetic landscape alterations during cellular aging.
  • Examination of DNA damage and genomic integrity loss in aged cells.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin condensation states change with cell aging, altering the epigenetic landscape.
  • Modified gene expression patterns are observed in aging cells.
  • Accumulated DNA damage and loss of genomic integrity contribute to tumorigenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic and epigenomic changes are critical in aging cells.
  • These alterations play a significant role in the development of age-related tumors.
  • Further research is needed to identify factors mediating chromatin changes in aging.