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X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...

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Updated: Sep 1, 2025

$Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules$

Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules

Published on: March 15, 2021

Electron Diffraction of 3D Molecular Crystals.

Ambarneil Saha^1,2, Shervin S Nia^1,2, José A Rodríguez^1,2

¹UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.

Chemical Reviews

|August 15, 2022

Summary

Electron crystallography, a powerful technique, is experiencing a revival due to recent advances. This method is increasingly used to determine the atomic structures of 3D molecular crystals.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Crystallography
Structural Biology

Background:

Electron crystallography offers an alternative to X-ray crystallography for structure determination.
Recent technological advancements have revitalized the field of electron crystallography.
Various novel techniques, including 3D electron diffraction (3D ED), microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED), and continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED), have emerged.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the fundamental concepts and recent findings in electron crystallography.
To highlight experimental approaches for determining the atomic structure of three-dimensional molecular crystals using electron diffraction.

Main Methods:

Electron diffraction data collection from microcrystals.
Advanced image processing and data analysis techniques.
Structure solution and refinement using electron diffraction data.

Main Results:

Demonstration of electron crystallography's capability to resolve atomic structures.
Successful application of novel techniques like 3D ED and MicroED.
Elucidation of complex molecular structures previously challenging for X-ray crystallography.

Conclusions:

Electron crystallography is a powerful and increasingly versatile tool for atomic-level structure determination.
The field is rapidly evolving with new methods and applications.
This technique holds significant promise for advancing molecular science and materials research.