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Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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AID function in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination.

Kefei Yu

    Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica
    |August 17, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) drives antibody gene diversification and class switch recombination (CSR) in B cells. Recent structural and genomic studies reveal new insights into AID

    Keywords:
    AIDbase excision repairclass switch recombinationerror prone DNA repairmismatch repairsomatic hypermutation

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is crucial for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene diversification and class switch recombination (CSR) in B cells.
    • Understanding AID's function and regulation is vital for optimizing antibody responses and maintaining genomic integrity.
    • Two decades of research have significantly advanced knowledge of AID's role in peripheral B cells.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent breakthroughs in understanding Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) function and regulation.
    • To discuss novel insights into AID's molecular structure, genome-wide targeting, and role in CSR.
    • To outline remaining challenges and future research directions in the field of AID.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of recent scientific literature focusing on Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID).
    • Discussion of advances in high-throughput approaches for genome-wide AID targeting analysis.
    • Integration of findings on AID's molecular structure and its role in cohesion-mediated loop extrusion during CSR.

    Main Results:

    • The first molecular structure of AID has been elucidated.
    • High-throughput methods now allow precise, genome-wide tracking of AID activity.
    • The cohesion-mediated loop extrusion mechanism is shown to govern AID-mediated CSR.

    Conclusions:

    • Recent advances have significantly enhanced understanding of AID's biochemical properties and in vivo functions.
    • New discoveries provide critical insights into the regulation of AID activity in B cells.
    • Further research is needed to address outstanding questions regarding AID's mechanisms and implications.