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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy
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Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery.

Jessica G Labadie1, Sarah A Ibrahim1, Brandon Worley1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.

JAMA Dermatology
|August 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Laser-assisted drug delivery (LADD) provides safe and effective treatments for various skin conditions in adults and adolescents. This guideline offers evidence-based recommendations for optimizing LADD applications and ensuring patient safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Laser Technology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Laser-assisted drug delivery (LADD) is utilized in diverse medical and cosmetic procedures.
  • Current evidence-based guidance for clinicians performing LADD is limited.
  • Establishing clear recommendations is crucial for safe and effective LADD application.

Approach:

  • A systematic literature review was performed across major databases (Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE) in December 2019.
  • A multidisciplinary expert panel developed draft recommendations based on the review findings.
  • Recommendations were refined through Delphi surveys, consensus meetings, and iterative panel review to achieve unanimous agreement.

Key Points:

  • LADD is safe for all Fitzpatrick skin types in adults and adolescents (≥12 years), including immunocompromised individuals.
  • Effective for actinic keratosis, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ, actinic cheilitis, hypertrophic scars, and keloids.
  • Enhances drug delivery via heat, pressure, occlusion, or aqueous solutions; laser settings should match channel diameter to molecule size.
  • Antiviral prophylaxis recommended for facial/genital treatments; antibiotic/antifungal prophylaxis generally not advised, except in specific cases.

Conclusions:

  • An evidence-based clinical practice guideline for LADD has been established through systematic review and expert consensus.
  • The guideline addresses indications, contraindications, reporting parameters, drug delivery optimization, safety, and infection prophylaxis.
  • Future research is needed to further advance the understanding and application of LADD techniques.