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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Monkeypox: A clinical update for paediatricians.

Yuanfei A Huang1, Annaleise R Howard-Jones2,3, Shireen Durrani1

  • 1National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human monkeypox, a global zoonotic disease, requires urgent health system preparedness. Challenges include vaccine equity and combating discrimination to halt transmission.

Keywords:
ACAM2000MVAchild healthmonkeypoxstigmavaccinia immunoglobulin

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human monkeypox is a zoonotic disease endemic to West and Central Africa, posing global health challenges.
  • The 2022 outbreak led to a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, with over 14,533 cases reported worldwide by July 2022.
  • Transmission occurs via animal-to-human contact (lesions, fluids) and human-to-human (fomites, droplets, direct contact).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the challenges and considerations for health systems in addressing the global spread of human monkeypox.
  • To highlight diagnostic criteria, clinical presentations, and potential complications of monkeypox disease.
  • To discuss current management strategies, including supportive care, antivirals, and available vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data, clinical presentations, and transmission dynamics of human monkeypox.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches, including clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory findings.
  • Evaluation of current treatment options, vaccine types, and health system preparedness challenges.

Main Results:

  • Monkeypox typically presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, and rash, but can vary, with severe cases in vulnerable groups (children, immunocompromised, pregnant individuals).
  • Complications include secondary infections, vision loss, pneumonia, sepsis, and encephalitis.
  • Diagnosis requires integrated assessment, and management involves supportive care, with limited antiviral safety data and complex vaccine logistics.

Conclusions:

  • Health system preparedness is hampered by underfunding, stigma, and discrimination, particularly against men who have sex with men.
  • Improving vaccine equity and combating discrimination are crucial for halting monkeypox transmission.
  • Effective control requires a multi-faceted approach addressing diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and social determinants.