Lung recruitment in neonatal high-frequency oscillatory ventilation with volume-guarantee

The optimal lung volume strategy during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is reached by performing recruitment maneuvers, usually guided by the response in oxygenation. In animal models, secondary spontaneous change in oscillation pressure amplitude (ΔPhf) associated with a progressive increase in mean airway pressure during HFOV combined with volume guarantee (HFOV-VG) identifies optimal lung recruitment. The aim of this study was to describe recruitment maneuvers in HFOV-VG and analyze whether changes in ΔPhf might be an early predictor for lung recruitment in newborn infants with severe respiratory failure.

The prospective observational study was done in a tertiary-level neonatology department. Changes in ΔPhf were analyzed during standardized lung recruitment after initiating early rescue HFOV-VG in preterm infants with severe respiratory failure.

Twenty-seven patients were included, with a median gestational age of 24 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 23-25). Recruitment maneuvers were performed, median baseline mean airway pressure (mPaw) was 11 cm H₂ O (IQR: 10-13), median critical lung opening mPaw during recruitment was 14 cm H₂ O (IRQ: 12-16), and median optimal mPaw was 12 cm H₂ O (IQR: 10-14, p < 0.01). Recruitment maneuvers were associated with an improvement in oxygenation (FiO₂ : 65.0 vs. 45.0, p < 0.01, SpO2/FiO₂ ratio: 117 vs. 217, p < 0.01). ΔPhf decreased significantly after lung recruitment (mean amplitude: 23.0 vs. 16.0, p < 0.01).

In preterm infants with severe respiratory failure, the lung recruitment process can be effectively guided by ΔPhf on HFOV-VG.