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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

1.2K
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

43.1K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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History-dependent phase transition character.

Juš Polanšek1, Arbresha Holbl1, Szymon Starzonek2

  • 1Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroska 160, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|August 23, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

History-dependent domain formation in phase transitions can be arrested by topological defects. Random matrix theory describes these patterns, with eigenvector properties predicting either glassy or critical-like behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Phase transitions

Background:

  • Systems with orientational order typically exhibit homogeneous order in equilibrium without impurities.
  • Domain formation occurs during continuous symmetry-breaking phase transitions, influenced by factors like quenching speed and system cooling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate history-dependent behavior in domain-type configurations formed during phase transitions.
  • To analyze the role of topological defects and disorder in arresting domain formation.
  • To explore the connection between domain patterns and random matrix theory.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of domain formation via Kibble-Zurek mechanism (fast quenches) and Kibble mechanism (supercooled phases).
  • Consideration of pinned topological defects (point and line defects/disclinations) at domain walls.
  • Application of random matrix theory to describe effective interactions and analyze eigenvectors.

Main Results:

  • Topological defects can arrest domain formation, with disclinations playing a key role in stabilizing domains.
  • Impurities and system stiffness influence domain arrest, consistent with the Imry-Ma theorem and energy barrier concepts.
  • Random matrix eigenvectors characterize structural excitations, with localized or extended nature predicting distinct transition behaviors (glassy vs. critical-like).

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates mechanisms of domain arrest in systems undergoing phase transitions.
  • Random matrix theory provides a powerful framework for understanding the complex behavior of these domain patterns.
  • The localization or extension of the largest random matrix eigenvector is crucial in determining the system's final state, distinguishing between glassy and critical-like transitions.