Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Role of Phenolic Nanocompounds in Inflammatory Disorders: Current View and Future Aspects.

Current pharmaceutical design·2026
Same author

Global Epidemiology of Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Incidence, Subtypes, Risk Factors, and Beyond.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Cognitive Decline in Atherosclerotic Diseases: Mechanisms and Potential Solutions.

CNS & neurological disorders drug targets·2026
Same author

A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System Through Prodrug Approach.

CNS & neurological disorders drug targets·2026
Same author

Association of Serum Creatinine, Urea, and Glomerular Filtration Rate with the Progression of Diabetic Associated Kidney Complications: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Current issues in molecular biology·2026
Same author

Molecular Dynamics and Energetic Insights into Novel PARP15 Inhibitors: A Structural Approach for Targeting BRCA-Mutated Breast Cancer.

Current pharmaceutical design·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

18.2K

Encephalitis in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Evidence-Based Analysis.

Md Asiful Islam1,2, Cinzia Cavestro3, Sayeda Sadia Alam4

  • 1Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia.

Cells
|August 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 can affect the central nervous system, causing encephalitis even without respiratory symptoms. This systematic review highlights clinical features, neurological manifestations, and outcomes in 91 COVID-19 patients with encephalitis.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2coronavirusencephalitisencephalopathymeningoencephalitissystematic review

More Related Videos

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

3.8K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

670

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

18.2K
Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

3.8K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

670

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets the respiratory system.
  • However, emerging evidence indicates central nervous system (CNS) involvement in COVID-19, including encephalitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the clinical characteristics, neuro-radiological findings, laboratory features, and outcomes of encephalitis in patients with COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of case reports and case series published between December 2019 and July 2022.
  • Searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases.
  • Assessed study quality using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists.

Main Results:

  • Included 91 COVID-19 patients (85.6% adults) with encephalitis; 92.2% confirmed by RT-PCR.
  • Common neurological symptoms included seizures (29.5%), confusion (23.2%), and headache (20.5%).
  • Abnormal MRI (77.6%), EEG (75.5%), and CSF (64.1%) findings were frequent. SARS-CoV-2-associated encephalitis was most common (59.3%).
  • Outcomes: 66.7% discharged (37.8% improved, 28.9% fully recovered), 20.0% died.

Conclusions:

  • Encephalitis is an uncommon but serious complication of COVID-19.
  • SARS-CoV-2 may act as a neuropathogen, impacting the CNS independently of respiratory symptoms.
  • COVID-19-associated encephalitis can lead to significant disability and mortality.