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Dynamics of HIV-1/HTLV-I Co-Infection Model with Humoral Immunity and Cellular Infection.

Noura H AlShamrani1, Matuka A Alshaikh2, Ahmed M Elaiw3,4

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

Viruses
|August 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Mathematical modeling of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) co-infection reveals that humoral immunity controls HIV-1, and cell-to-cell transmission is crucial for accurate modeling.

Keywords:
HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infectionLyapunov functioncell-to-cell infectionglobal stabilityhumoral immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infect CD4+ T cells, a critical immune component.
  • Shared transmission routes increase co-infection risk in HIV-1 patients.
  • Mathematical modeling offers insights into complex within-host co-infection dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To formulate and analyze a mathematical model of HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection.
  • To incorporate humoral immunity, latent HIV-1, and HTLV-I infected cells.
  • To investigate the impact of virus-to-cell (V-T-C) and cell-to-cell (C-T-C) HIV-1 transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a mathematical co-infection model.
  • Analysis of model properties including nonnegativity and boundedness of solutions.
  • Determination of steady states and their existence conditions.
  • Application of Lyapunov functions and LaSalle's invariance principle for global stability analysis.
  • Numerical simulations to validate theoretical findings.

Main Results:

  • Established conditions for the existence of all model steady states.
  • Demonstrated that humoral immunity controls, but does not clear, HIV-1 infection.
  • Highlighted that C-T-C transmission is essential; its omission underestimates HIV-1 reproductive ratio.
  • Confirmed the critical role of C-T-C transmission in co-infection dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Humoral immunity plays a regulatory role in HIV-1 infection within a co-infection context.
  • Cell-to-cell transmission significantly influences HIV-1 dynamics and must be included in co-infection models.
  • The developed model provides a robust framework for understanding HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection.