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Vaccine effectiveness across the Omicron evolutionary spectrum (BA.2, BA.5, XBB, JN.1, KP.3): a systematic review of studies published 2022-2025.

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Update on the omicron sub-variants BA.4 and BA.5.

Trina Ekawati Tallei¹, Saad Alhumaid², Zainab AlMusa³

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Reviews in Medical Virology

|August 26, 2022

Summary

New Omicron sub-variants BA.4 and BA.5 are increasing COVID-19 cases globally. While more contagious and immune-evasive, these variants may cause less severe illness.

Keywords:

BA.4 and BA.5 COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 evolution omicron sub-variants

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Area of Science:

Virology
Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

Global relaxation of public health measures, including mask mandates for outdoor activities, is occurring due to declining coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases.
Emergence of new Omicron sub-variants, BA.4 and BA.5, is linked to a rise in COVID-19 cases in South Africa, the US, and Europe, with spread now observed in Asia.

Purpose of the Study:

To review scientific considerations regarding the new Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 sub-variants.
To analyze the characteristics of these sub-variants, including their transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities.

Main Methods:

Review of scientific literature and epidemiological data.
Analysis of variant evolution from the Omicron lineage.
Assessment of clinical severity data associated with BA.4 and BA.5 infections.

Main Results:

Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 sub-variants exhibit increased contagiousness compared to previous strains.
These sub-variants demonstrate an ability to circumvent immunity acquired from prior infection or vaccination.
Preliminary data suggests a potentially reduced clinical severity associated with BA.4 and BA.5 infections.

Conclusions:

The emergence of Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 necessitates ongoing scientific monitoring and public health vigilance.
Despite increased transmissibility and immune evasion, the reduced clinical severity warrants further investigation.
Understanding these variants is crucial for adapting public health strategies in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.