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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Peer review: Risk and risk tolerance.

Stephen A Gallo1, Karen B Schmaling2

  • 1Scientific Peer Advisory and Review Services Division, American Institute of Biological Sciences, Herndon, Virginia, United States of America.

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|August 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Peer reviewers

Area of Science:

  • Scientific funding and evaluation processes.
  • Research integrity and peer review mechanisms.
  • Risk assessment in scientific research proposals.

Background:

  • Peer review is crucial for grant funding but can be influenced by subjective biases.
  • Reviewers may favor lower-risk, incremental projects over potentially groundbreaking, high-risk research.
  • The role of risk tolerance in peer review has not been extensively studied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how risk and weakness in research proposals influence reviewer scores.
  • To determine the impact of reviewer risk tolerance and leniency on evaluation outcomes.
  • To understand the sources of variability in peer review scoring.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional experiment was conducted using mock primary reviewer comments.

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  • The levels and sources of risks and weaknesses in mock proposals were systematically manipulated.
  • Peer reviewers evaluated these mock comments to assess their scoring behavior.

    • Main Results:

    • Proposal risks had a stronger impact on reviewer scores than proposal strengths.
    • Reviewer scoring leniency, not risk tolerance, predicted overall and criteria scores.
    • Risk evaluation significantly influences reviewers' judgments and contributes to score variability.

    Conclusions:

    • The interpretation of proposal risks is a primary driver of variability in peer review scoring.
    • Interventions could improve the reliability of peer review by addressing risk interpretation.
    • The strong valuation of risk may hinder support for high-impact, but risky, scientific endeavors.