Microfluidics-Based Urine Biopsy for Cancer Diagnosis: Recent Advances and Future Trends

Urine biopsy, allowing for the detection, analysis and monitoring of numerous cancer-associated urinary biomarkers to provide insights into cancer occurrence, progression and metastasis, has emerged as an attractive liquid biopsy strategy with enormous advantages over traditional tissue biopsy, such as non-invasiveness, large sample volume, and simple sampling operation. Microfluidics enables precise manipulation of fluids in a tiny chip and exhibits outstanding performance in urine biopsy owing to its minimization, low cost, high integration, high throughput and low sample consumption. Herein, we review recent advances in microfluidic techniques employed in urine biopsy for cancer detection. After briefly summarizing the major urinary biomarkers used for cancer diagnosis, we provide an overview of the typical microfluidic techniques utilized to develop urine biopsy devices. Some prospects along with the major challenges to be addressed for the future of microfluidic-based urine biopsy are also discussed.