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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization01:21

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization

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Right Heart Catheterization: An OverviewRight heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that measures right-sided cardiac and pulmonary artery pressures, calculates cardiac output, and identifies intracardiac shunts. It provides detailed hemodynamic data essential for diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension.Access SitesCommon access sites for right heart catheterization include the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the...
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Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
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Overview of Systemic Veins01:11

Overview of Systemic Veins

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Systemic veins are crucial blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from various body tissues back to the heart. There are three systemic veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart, they are as follows.
The coronary sinus, the heart's principal vein, resides in the coronary sulcus on the heart's posterior aspect. This broad venous channel receives nearly all venous blood from the myocardium, the heart muscle. It is fed by three primary veins: the great cardiac vein, the...
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Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization01:24

Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization

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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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Veins of Thorax01:19

Veins of Thorax

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The azygos system is a crucial part of the body's circulatory system and drains most of the thorax. It comprises the azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos veins.
The azygos vein, positioned just right of the midline and anterior to the vertebral column, begins at the junction of the right ascending lumbar and subcostal veins, terminating in the superior vena cava. This vein drains blood from the right side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, and posterior abdominal wall.
The...
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Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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Is it really a levoatrial cardinal vein?

Niraj Nirmal Pandey1, Diane E Spicer2,3, Robert H Anderson4

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and Endovascular Interventions, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Journal of Cardiac Surgery
|August 30, 2022
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Summary

Direct pulmonary-to-systemic venous connections are increasingly found with computed tomography. This review suggests these channels are better understood as collateral pathways, similar in development to sinus venosus and coronary sinus defects.

Keywords:
anomalously connected pulmonary veincoronary sinus defectpulmonary-to-systemic venous collateralsinus venosus defectsuperior caval vein

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular anatomy
  • Medical imaging
  • Embryology

Background:

  • Computed tomography (CT) increasingly reveals direct venous channels connecting pulmonary and systemic circulation.
  • Historically, these channels were observed in conditions like hypoplastic left heart syndrome, serving as an "overflow" for left atrial obstruction.
  • Previous descriptions, such as "jugulo-pulmonary vein," predate modern imaging techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence and propose a reclassification of venous channels connecting pulmonary and systemic circulation.
  • To challenge the nomenclature "levoatrial cardinal veins" and offer a more accurate description.
  • To highlight the developmental similarities between these channels and congenital heart defects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of anatomical and embryological studies.
  • Analysis of imaging findings from computed tomographic (CT) scans.
  • Comparative embryological analysis of venous development.

Main Results:

  • Venous channels directly connecting pulmonary and systemic veins are frequently identified via CT.
  • The term "levoatrial cardinal veins" is considered inaccurate due to anatomical and developmental discrepancies.
  • These channels share developmental origins with sinus venosus and coronary sinus defects.

Conclusions:

  • The term "pulmonary-to-systemic collateral channels" is proposed as a more appropriate descriptor.
  • Understanding the embryological basis is crucial for accurate classification.
  • These findings have implications for diagnosing and managing congenital cardiovascular anomalies.