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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

50
Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
50
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

131
IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
131
Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging

51
DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
51
Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

36
Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
03:19

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Optimizing Upper-Tract Imaging for Non-Visible Haematuria.

Kirolos G F T Michael1, Navin Ravindranath1, Sarah Michael2

  • 1Department of Urology, Rochdale Infirmary, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK.

Urologia Internationalis
|August 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-visible haematuria (NVH) rarely indicates upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in patients under 60. Ultrasonography is recommended over CTU for initial imaging in this low-risk group to avoid unnecessary investigations.

Keywords:
CT urographyGuidelineNon-visible haematuriaUpper urinary tractUrothelial carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Non-visible haematuria (NVH) presents a small risk for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).
  • Current guidelines lack consensus on optimal investigation strategies for NVH, particularly regarding upper-tract imaging.
  • This study addresses the diagnostic yield of UTUC in NVH patients under 60.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if UTUC presentation patterns can guide the investigation of NVH in patients under 60 years old.
  • To evaluate the incidence of UTUC in younger NVH patients.
  • To inform imaging guidelines for NVH.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 2,129 patients investigated for haematuria in one-stop clinics over 5 years.
  • Inclusion of all patients undergoing cystoscopy and upper-tract imaging.
  • Review of 119 UTUC cases from a 10-year multidisciplinary team meeting database.

Main Results:

  • Only 2 cases of UTUC (out of 21) presented with NVH, both in patients over 60.
  • In a 10-year review, 6 UTUC cases (5.0%) presented with NVH, with only one patient under 60.
  • Independent predictors for UTUC were age ≥60, visible haematuria, and suspicious cystoscopic findings.

Conclusions:

  • UTUC is rare in patients under 60 presenting with NVH.
  • Routine CTU is not recommended for this low-risk demographic.
  • Ultrasonography is a safer first-line imaging modality, and risk-stratified guidelines can optimize NVH investigation.