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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Isolation, Fixation and Characterization of Juvenile Gilthead Seabream Head Kidney Leukocytes by Flow Cytometry
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An overview of complement systems in teleosts.

Mo-Fei Li1, Hong-Qiang Zhang1

  • 1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, China.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
|August 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The teleost complement system, crucial for innate immunity, is less understood than in mammals. This review details teleost complement components, regulators, and receptors, aiding aquaculture immune strategies.

Keywords:
Complement systemImmunityPathogenRegulatorTeleost

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Comparative Biology
  • Aquatic Animal Health

Background:

  • The complement system is a vital part of innate immunity, comprising ~35 proteins and activated via classical, alternative, and lectin pathways.
  • Mammalian complement activation leads to C3 cleavage, forming C3-convertase, initiating cascades that generate the membrane attack complex.
  • While extensively studied in mammals, the teleost complement system remains less understood, particularly its roles in immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize current knowledge of teleost complement components involved in phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and cell lysis.
  • To compile characterized complement components and regulators across various teleost species.
  • To analyze the role of complement regulators in pathogen infection and the influence of complement receptors on teleost immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on teleost complement systems.
  • Compilation and analysis of data on characterized teleost complement components and regulators.
  • Review of studies on complement receptors and their impact on teleost immunity.

Main Results:

  • Identified and characterized complement components in various teleost species.
  • Provided a comprehensive compilation of teleost complement regulators and their association with pathogen infection.
  • Reviewed the influence of complement receptors on teleost immune responses, including phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and cell lysis.

Conclusions:

  • The review offers new insights into the teleost complement system's role in recognition and defense.
  • Understanding teleost complement is essential for developing novel immune strategies in aquaculture.
  • Future research directions proposed for molecular evolution, structure, and function of teleost complement components.