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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

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Did the paycheck protection program hit the target?

João Granja1, Christos Makridis2, Constantine Yannelis3

  • 1Chicago Booth, United States.

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|August 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) had small employment effects, with banks mediating fund distribution. Firms used loans for savings and non-payroll expenses, reflecting precautionary behavior during the pandemic.

Keywords:
BankingFiscal stimulusPPPPolicy targetingSmall business

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Area of Science:

  • Economics
  • Financial Intermediation
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) was a significant US policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Understanding the economic effects and financial intermediation of such large-scale business support is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively assess the economic effects of the PPP.
  • To analyze the role of financial intermediaries, specifically banks, in the program's outcomes.
  • To investigate firm behavior and the transmission of liquidity support policies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized loan-level microdata for all PPP loans.
  • Employed high-frequency administrative employment data.
  • Exploited regional heterogeneity in lending relationships and firm-loan matched data.

Main Results:

  • Banks significantly influenced PPP targeting, impacting initial fund distribution to regions.
  • Short- and medium-term employment effects of the PPP were modest relative to its scale.
  • Firms utilized PPP loans for non-payroll fixed payments and to increase savings, indicating precautionary motives.

Conclusions:

  • The PPP's limited targeting led to funds reaching non-essential businesses.
  • Firm behavior, driven by uncertainty, influenced the program's employment impact.
  • The effectiveness of liquidity support programs depends on the deploying agents and policy design.