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Related Concept Videos

Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

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Translating extracellular vesicle packaging into therapeutic applications.

Dilara C Ozkocak1, Thanh Kha Phan1, Ivan K H Poon1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Frontiers in Immunology
|September 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer therapeutic potential but face challenges in loading efficiency. This review explores EV cargo packaging mechanisms and diverse EV subtypes to advance drug delivery and cell-based therapies.

Keywords:
EV biogenesisEV therapiescargo packagingdrug deliveryextracellular vesicles

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles with therapeutic and drug delivery applications.
  • Clinical translation of EV-based therapies is hindered by inefficient cargo loading technologies.
  • Understanding EV cargo packaging is crucial for harnessing their therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of cargo packaging into EVs.
  • To discuss strategies for therapeutic exploitation of EV cargo loading.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of diverse EV subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent insights into EV cargo packaging.
  • Analysis of mechanisms governing biomolecule transfer into EVs.
  • Exploration of different EV subtypes and their therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • EVs utilize various mechanisms for packaging diverse biomolecules like miRNAs and drugs.
  • Therapeutic exploitation of these mechanisms can enhance EV drug delivery efficiency.
  • Less-studied EVs (e.g., apoptotic bodies, migrasomes) offer unique therapeutic opportunities.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing EV cargo loading is key to unlocking their therapeutic promise.
  • Exploring diverse EV subtypes expands the scope of EV-based therapies.
  • This review provides insights for advancing EV-based drug delivery and regenerative medicine.