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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Exploring the human extraembryonic mesoderm using naive pluripotent stem cells.

Takumi Okubo¹, Yasuhiro Takashima¹

¹Department of Life Science Frontiers, CiRA, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.

|September 2, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers successfully differentiated naive human pluripotent stem cells into extraembryonic mesoderm cells (EXMCs). These EXMCs serve as a valuable model for studying early embryonic development and cell function.

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Published on: November 3, 2011

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Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

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Published on: November 3, 2011

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Human Embryology

Background:

Extraembryonic mesoderm cells (EXMCs) are crucial for early embryonic development.
Understanding EXMC specification and function is vital for reproductive biology and developmental disorders.
Existing models for studying human EXMCs are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To differentiate naive human pluripotent stem cells into functional extraembryonic mesoderm cells (EXMCs).
To establish a robust in vitro model for studying human EXMC development.
To investigate the characteristics and maintenance of differentiated EXMCs.

Main Methods:

Directed differentiation of naive human pluripotent stem cells.
Long-term culture and maintenance of differentiated cells.
Comparative analysis with primate extraembryonic tissues.

Main Results:

Successfully generated extraembryonic mesoderm cells (EXMCs) from naive human pluripotent stem cells.
Maintained stable EXMC cultures for up to 70 days.
Differentiated EXMCs exhibited morphological and molecular resemblance to primate extraembryonic mesoderm.

Conclusions:

Naive human pluripotent stem cells can be reliably differentiated into extraembryonic mesoderm cells (EXMCs).
This provides a novel and effective in vitro model for studying human EXMC specification and function.
The model facilitates research into early human development and related pathologies.