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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

23
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
23
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

19
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

13
Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
13
Angina I: Introduction01:30

Angina I: Introduction

25
Definition and Symptoms: Angina (angina pectoris) is chest pain or discomfort caused by myocardial ischemia, which occurs when the heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen-rich blood. It typically manifests as pressing, squeezing, or crushing sensations in the chest and may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.Primary Cause: In a healthy state, the coronary arteries can dilate (widen) to increase blood flow and meet the increased oxygen demand during physical activity or...
25
Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment01:29

Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

19
Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...
19
Angina II: Classification01:27

Angina II: Classification

25
Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a chest pain resulting from diminished blood flow to the heart muscle and is often a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina presents several variants with distinctive attributes, etiologies, and therapeutic approaches. The main types of angina include stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), microvascular, intractable, and silent ischemia.Stable angina is caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to the formation of plaques that narrow the coronary...
25

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders
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Variant Angina is Associated with Myocarditis.

Xin Xu1,2, James Jiqi Wang1,2, Hu Zhao1,2

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Inflammation Research
|September 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Vasospastic angina (VSA) is linked to elevated inflammation in the heart, indicated by increased cytokine levels and myocardial inflammation. This suggests VSA may be associated with myocarditis, offering new insights into its cause and treatment.

Keywords:
cytokinesinflammationmyocarditisvariant angina

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Vasospastic angina (VSA) involves coronary artery spasms, leading to poor outcomes despite symptomatic treatment.
  • The underlying etiology and causal treatments for VSA remain poorly understood.
  • This study investigates the potential association between VSA and cardiac inflammation.

Observation:

  • 109 VSA patients, 61 healthy controls, and 61 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients were analyzed.
  • Plasma cytokine levels, endothelin-1, and histamine were measured.
  • Four VSA patients underwent 18-fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans.

Findings:

  • VSA patients exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of multiple cytokines (IL-12p70, IL-13, PDL-1, IL-10, IL-6, IL-15, MIP-1α, MIP-1β) compared to controls.
  • 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed increased left ventricle volume, coronary perivascular tissue volume, and FDG uptake in VSA patients.
  • These inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in VSA patients versus both normal and AMI controls.

Implications:

  • Elevated plasma cytokines and myocardial/pericoronary inflammation suggest VSA is associated with myocarditis.
  • Findings offer novel insights into the etiology of VSA.
  • This research may pave the way for new therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation in VSA.