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Changes in intestinal microflora and its metabolites underlie the cognitive impairment in preterm rats
Xiang Lu1,2, Zhengyang Xue1, Yu Qian2
1Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
Insights
Preterm infants with cognitive impairment show altered gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These changes impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis, affecting neurological development.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Microbiology
- Developmental Biology
Background:
- Preterm infant brain development is vulnerable to extrauterine factors, leading to cognitive deficits.
- Gut microbiota alterations are linked to cognitive behavior, but this connection in preterm newborns is understudied.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate differences in fecal microbiota, SCFAs, and microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) serum factors in preterm rats with and without cognitive impairment.
Main Methods:
- A preterm cognitive impairment rat model was established and assessed using the Morris water maze.
- Fecal microbiota composition was analyzed via 16sRNA sequencing, and SCFAs were quantified by gas chromatography.
Main Results:
- Cognitive impairment was associated with reduced gut microbial diversity, decreased beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus), and increased opportunistic pathogens.
- Lower levels of total SCFAs and acetic acid were observed in the impaired group, correlating with specific bacterial abundances.
- Significant alterations in MGBA-related factors, including neurotransmitters (5-HT, GABA) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α), were found.
Conclusions:
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis and altered SCFAs play a significant role in cognitive impairment in preterm rats.
- Changes in the microbiota-gut-brain axis are strongly associated with these cognitive deficits.
Background:
The brain development of preterm infants is easily affected by various adverse extrauterine factors and complications, resulting in abnormal neurological and cognitive development. Recent studies have found that there is a significant correlation between intestinal microbial changes and cognitive behavior. Nevertheless, the correlation between the cognitive impairment and abnormal changes of intestinal microflora in the preterm newborn has been rarely elucidated.
Aim:
To analyze the differences of fecal intestinal flora, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA)-related serum factors between preterm birth with and without cognitive impairment.
Methods:
Healthy female rats (body weight 410 ± 40 g) of 16-17 days of gestation were selected for the establishment of preterm cognitive impairment model and screened by Morris water maze navigation experiments. The pathological change of rat hippocampus was confirmed by HE staining. The abundance of fecal intestinal microflora was determined by 16sRNA sequencing, while the contents of fecal SCFAs were examined by gas chromatography.
Results:
Compared with the control group, the cognitive impairment group had decreased abundance and diversity of intestinal microflora and increased abundance of Proteobacteria at the level of phylum. While the abundances of Alistipes, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus decreased significantly at the level of order, family, and genus, the abundances of Staphylococcaceae, Enterococci, Psychrobacter, and Oligella increased significantly. Moreover, the levels of total SCFAs and acetic acid in the disease group were significantly lower. The fecal abundance of acetic acid was positively correlated with that of Lactobacillaceae or Peptostreptococcaceae, and negatively correlated with that of Aerococcaceae, and Alcaligenaceae in disease rats. Furthermore, cognitive impairment caused significantly decreased levels of 5-HT, GABA, and BDNF, and increased levels of GR, CRH, IL-6, and TNF-α in rat blood.
Conclusion:
Alterations in intestinal microflora structure and the abundances of SCFAs contributed substantially to the cognitive impairment in preterm rats, which was associated with significant changes in MGBA-related soluble factors.
