Rhino-orbital mucormycosis.

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Infectious Diseases
• Radiology

Background:

• Rhino-orbital mucormycosis (ROM) is an angioinvasive fungal infection impacting sinuses and orbits.
• Global incidence of ROM is rising, with a notable increase in India.
• Immunosuppression, particularly diabetes mellitus and corticosteroid use (including during COVID-19), are significant risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an updated review of rhino-orbital mucormycosis (ROM).
• To detail the clinical and radiological manifestations of ROM.
• To discuss the management and prognosis of ROM, including emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of clinical and radiological manifestations of ROM.
• Analysis of current treatment strategies and emerging therapies.
• Synthesis of information on diagnosis, management, and prognosis.

Main Results:

• ROM cases are increasing worldwide, especially in India.
• Delayed diagnosis and treatment of ROM pose significant risks to vision and life.
• Corticosteroid use, notably during the COVID-19 pandemic, is identified as a potential predisposing factor.

Conclusions:

• ROM requires a high index of suspicion in patients with immunosuppression, especially uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
• Ophthalmologists play a key role in the diagnosis and management of ROM.
• Prompt recognition and intervention are critical for improving patient outcomes in ROM.