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Related Concept Videos

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Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Three-dimensional Inflammatory Human Tissue Equivalents of Gingiva
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Phytocannabinoids regulate inflammation in IL-1β-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts.

Ammaar H Abidi1,2, Vrushali Abhyankar1,2,3, Sahar S Alghamdi4,5

  • 1College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Journal of Periodontal Research
|September 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Phytocannabinoids (pCBs) show potential for treating periodontal disease by modulating inflammatory responses in human gingival fibroblasts. Certain pCBs, like CBVN and CBG, effectively reduced inflammatory markers, suggesting therapeutic possibilities.

Keywords:
CB1 receptorCB2 receptorcannabinoidscytokinesperiodontal diseaseperiodontitis

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Oral Biology
  • Endocannabinoid System Research

Background:

  • Periodontal disease affects billions globally, causing significant tissue destruction.
  • The endocannabinoid system (ECS), present in periodontal tissues, offers a potential therapeutic target.
  • Phytocannabinoids (pCBs) from cannabis plants possess immunomodulatory properties, with varied effects depending on cell type.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of pCBs on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) under simulated periodontal disease conditions (IL-1β stimulation).
  • To assess the impact of pCBs on inflammatory mediator production and cell viability in HGFs.

Main Methods:

  • Primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were cultured and stimulated with IL-1β.
  • Cannabinoid receptor activity was measured, and the effects of three pCBs on cell viability were assessed.
  • Cytokine (INF-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α) and PGE2 production were quantified post-treatment.

Main Results:

  • Cannabidivarin (CBVN) and cannabigerol (CBG) demonstrated CB2R agonist activity; Cannabidiol (CBD) did not activate CB1R or CB2R.
  • CBVN and CBG significantly suppressed IL-1β-induced PGE2 production; CBVN, CBG, and CBD reduced certain pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • While generally reducing inflammation, some pCBs also exhibited pro-inflammatory effects or increased specific cytokines like IL-6 and IL-10.

Conclusions:

  • pCBs effectively inhibited key inflammatory mediators in HGFs, indicating potential for periodontal disease therapeutics by targeting the ECS.
  • Each pCB exhibits a unique anti-inflammatory profile, with some also displaying pro-inflammatory activities.
  • pCBs, individually or in combination, may offer benefits for improving oral health and managing periodontal disease.