Effectiveness of Prophylactic Interventions in Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification (NHO): A Systematic Review

Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the formation of mature lamellar bone in peri-articular tissues following a neurological insult, most commonly traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI). NHO is a debilitating condition associated with significant morbidity and reduced quality of life. However, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. While surgery is the mainstay of treatment once NHO has been diagnosed, prophylactic options are limited and not well studied. This review aimed to determine the efficacy of various interventions used in the primary prevention of NHO. We conducted an electronic literature search using five databases (PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)) for records published until April 10, 2022. We identified 2,610 potentially eligible records across all databases. Nine reports met our eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Four were clinical trials (three randomized control trials, one nonrandomized trial), four were observational studies, and one was a systematic review/meta-analysis. The medications/interventions used included: warfarin, pulse low-intensity electromagnetic field therapy (PLIMF), bisphosphonates, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We did not find conclusive evidence to recommend the use of bisphosphonates and warfarin in the prevention of NHO. On the contrary, we found NSAIDs and PLIMF as effective prophylactic options based on the results of high-quality randomized control trials. Further prospective randomized studies with prolonged follow-ups are needed to confirm the long-term efficacy of these preventive interventions.