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Updated: Aug 29, 2025
08:05
Murine Model of Allergen Induced Asthma
Published on: May 14, 2012
40.5K
Current Understanding of Asthma Pathogenesis and Biomarkers
Nazia Habib1, Muhammad Asghar Pasha2, Dale D Tang1
1Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
Cells
|September 9, 2022
Summary
Asthma involves diverse mechanisms, including T helper type 2 (Th2) inflammation and inflammation-independent pathways. Identifying specific biomarkers is crucial for accurate asthma diagnosis and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Pulmonology and immunology research focusing on respiratory diseases.
Background:
- Asthma is a complex lung disease with varied clinical presentations (phenotypes) and underlying mechanisms (endotypes).
- T helper type 2 (Th2) inflammation, driven by cytokines like IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13, is a primary driver in about half of mild-to-moderate and severe asthma cases.
- Non-Th2 pathways involving cytokines such as IL-17 and TNF-α, alongside inflammation-independent molecular processes, also contribute to asthma pathogenesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current understanding of asthma heterogeneity, focusing on Th2-dependent and independent mechanisms.
- To highlight newly identified molecules implicated in asthma progression.
- To discuss established and emerging biomarkers for classifying asthma endotypes.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and synthesis of recent research on asthma pathogenesis, endotypes, and biomarkers.
- Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying different asthma subtypes.
- Evaluation of diagnostic and prognostic utility of various biomarkers.
Main Results:
- Th2 inflammation is central to many asthma cases, but non-Th2 and inflammation-independent pathways are increasingly recognized.
- Novel molecules like ORMDL3 and gasdermin B are identified as key players in inflammation-independent asthma progression.
- Biomarkers such as eosinophils, IgE, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and periostin are useful for Th2-high asthma, while sputum neutrophils aid in diagnosing Th2-low asthma.
Conclusions:
- Asthma is a multifaceted disease requiring a deeper understanding of its diverse endotypes.
- Further research is essential to identify novel, practical biomarkers for improved asthma diagnosis, classification, and personalized treatment strategies.
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