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Intention for Warm-Up among Children and Adolescents Scale: Development and Initial Validation.

Liyi Ding1, Judy L Van Raalte2,3, Marcia Mackey4

  • 1Physical Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|September 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed and validated the Intention for Warm-up among Children and Adolescents Scale (IWCAS). This reliable 11-item scale measures children's warm-up intentions, aiding physical education teachers and coaches.

Keywords:
adolescentschildrenconstruct validityreliabilitywarm-up

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Pedagogy
  • Psychometrics
  • Adolescent Health

Background:

  • Warm-up adherence is crucial for injury prevention and performance in young athletes.
  • Existing measures may not adequately capture the multifaceted intentions of children and adolescents towards warm-ups.
  • Understanding determinants of warm-up behavior is essential for designing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a psychometrically sound scale measuring intention for warm-up among children and adolescents.
  • To create a tool that can be utilized by physical education teachers and coaches.
  • To assess the reliability and structural validity of the developed scale.

Main Methods:

  • A four-phase development process involving domain definition, item generation, expert review, and pilot testing.
  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on data from 1222 elementary and middle school students.
  • Scale revision based on pilot study feedback and statistical analyses.

Main Results:

  • The final Intention for Warm-up among Children and Adolescents Scale (IWCAS) comprises 11 items across three domains: attitude toward warm-up, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
  • The scale demonstrated good composite internal consistency, with scores ranging from 0.74 to 0.85.
  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the reliable and structurally valid nature of the IWCAS.

Conclusions:

  • The IWCAS is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the intention of primary and secondary school students to perform warm-ups.
  • The scale can be a valuable tool for physical education teachers and coaches to assess and potentially improve warm-up adherence.
  • Further research could explore the predictive validity of the IWCAS on actual warm-up behavior.