Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 29, 2025
Pedicle Screw Placement Using an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in a Porcine Model
Published on: May 24, 2024
Predictive risk factors of complications in reduction mammoplasty-analysis of three different pedicles
Johanna Palve1, Marika Kuuskeri1, Tiina Luukkaala2
1Department of Plastic Surgery, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
Background:
Reduction mammoplasty can be performed in several different techniques. Understanding the complication profile and risk factors in different reduction methods can help in choosing a technique, which serves the patient best. The authors present their experience of three different reduction techniques [superomedial pedicle (SMP), superior pedicle (SP) and inferior pedicle (IP)] with an emphasis on predictors of complications.
Methods:
A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of breast reductions between 2014 and 2020 was performed. Patient's demographics [age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, smoking, nipple to sternal notch distance (N-SN)], operative details (pedicle, tissue resected, drains, operating surgeon) and complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification were assessed. Study variables were compared against overall complication rates for the three techniques.
Results:
In total, 760 patients underwent reduction mammoplasty, including 578 (76%) bilateral and 182 (24%) unilateral operations. Of patients, 477 (63%) were operated with SMP, 201 (26%) with IP and 82 (11%) with SP. An average weight of resected tissue per breast was 460 g. Overall complication rate was 38%. The rate was higher in IP group (50%) compared to SMP (36%) and SP (22%) groups (P<0.001). Complications were mainly minor and related to delayed wound healing. The rate for major complications was 4%. Multivariable analysis showed that complications were associated independently with IP [odds ratio (OR) 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-2.69], age <50 years (OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.32-2.65), bilateral operation (OR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.00-2.76) and resected tissue weight ≥650 g per breast (OR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.36-2.99). Each factor contributed 1 point in the creation of a risk-scoring system. The overall complication rate was increased as the presence of statistically significant risk factors (IP, age <50, bilateral operation and/or resected tissue ≥650 g per breast) increased (31%, 38%, 59% and 90% for number of 1, 2, 3 and 4 risk factors respectively, P<0.001).
Conclusions:
The rate of complication can be predicted by a risk-scoring system. In increasing variety of patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty, careful consideration of the best operation technique is important to prevent complications and costs.
