Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A phase 1 clinical trial of a multi-antigen SARS-CoV DNA vaccine as a booster after dose three spike-based mRNA vaccinations.

Molecular therapy. Advances·2026

Same author

Intestinal resident effector-memory CD4 T cells on the adaptive-innate spectrum comprise IL-18 reactivity and adaptive CMV specificity.

Science advances·2026

Same author

Three-year follow-up of the COVAXID trial: real-world assessment of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine immunogenicity in immunocompromised individuals highlights increasing roles of hybrid and passive immunity.

EBioMedicine·2026

Same author

HIV-1 viral load and reservoir size remain stable following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in people with HIV.

HIV medicine·2026

Same author

Memory T cell aging and rejuvenation.

Immunity·2026

Same author

Integrating Functional Response and Target Binding for Mechanism-Centered Drug Screening by High-Mass MALDI-MS.

ACS central science·2026

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of a Biosynthetic Gene Cluster by Capture Hi-C (CHi-C).

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of Streptomyces by Hi-C.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

CUT&Tag Epigenomic Profiling of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Rhizobium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation Protocol for Lotus japonicus and Other Legumes.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Characterization of Bioactive Saponins from Sea Cucumbers.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Methods for Functional Validation of Terpenoid Metabolic Clusters in Nicotiana benthamiana and Aspergillus oryzae.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: January 12, 2021

T-Cell Repertoire Characterization.

Anna Pasetto¹, Marcus Buggert²

¹Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. anna.pasetto@ki.se.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|September 10, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Characterizing T-cell repertoires identifies unique T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences. Methods like bulk and single-cell sequencing reveal T-cell responses and clonality for biological insights.

Keywords:

Next generation sequencing Single cell T-cell receptor

More Related Videos

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: March 15, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 29, 2025

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: January 12, 2021

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: March 15, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Genomics
Molecular Biology

Background:

T-cell repertoire characterization identifies T-cell receptor (TCR) gene sequences within T-cell populations.
Somatic recombination of V(D)J gene segments creates unique TCR sequences, enabling T-cell clone identification.
Analyzing TCR composition provides insights into antigen-driven expansion and T-cell response heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe common methodologies for T-cell repertoire characterization.
To highlight the utility of both bulk and single-cell next-generation sequencing approaches.
To explain how TCR analysis informs understanding of immune responses.

Main Methods:

Bulk T-cell receptor sequencing for clonality assessment and tracking specific clonotypes.
Single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing for TCR pairing information and antigen specificity confirmation.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms for comprehensive T-cell repertoire analysis.

Main Results:

Bulk TCR analysis provides information on clonality and allows tracking of specific clonotypes over time or across different biological compartments.
Single-cell TCR sequencing enables the reconstruction of the T-cell receptor and confirmation of antigen specificity through pairing information.
Both methods contribute to a deeper understanding of T-cell population dynamics and immune responses.

Conclusions:

T-cell repertoire characterization using bulk and single-cell sequencing are powerful tools in immunology.
These methodologies offer complementary information regarding T-cell clonality, heterogeneity, and antigen specificity.
Understanding the T-cell repertoire is crucial for dissecting immune responses and identifying disease-related T-cell populations.