Origins of p-Doping and Nonradiative Recombination in CsSnI₃

It is commonly believed that the spontaneous p-doping in Sn-based perovskites is caused by Sn vacancies. By performing rigorous first-principles calculations for a prototypical Sn-based perovskite CsSnI₃ , we reveal that, in fact, the defects dominating p-doping are Cs vacancies. The reason that adding extra Sn²⁺ could reduce p-doping is that Cs and Sn present the same changing trend in terms of chemical potentials, and thus inhibiting the formation of Sn vacancies will also limit the formation of Cs vacancies. Moreover, we show that I vacancies are the dominant nonradiative recombination centers, and can result in sizable nonradiative losses, which explains why the experimentally measured carrier lifetime is only a few nanoseconds even if p-doping is suppressed. This work provides new insights into the origins of p-doping and nonradiative recombination in CsSnI₃ , and suggests that minimizing the formation of Cs and I vacancies is critical to realizing the best device performance.