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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

Published on: May 20, 2019

From simplicity to complexity in current melanoma models.

Elisabetta Michielon^1,2,3, Tanja D de Gruijl^2,3,4, Susan Gibbs^1,2,5

¹Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Experimental Dermatology

|September 14, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Developing advanced melanoma models is crucial for overcoming resistance to immunotherapy. New 3D in vitro and organ-on-chip systems aim to better mimic the tumor microenvironment for improved therapeutic development.

Keywords:

animal models immunotherapy in vitro models melanoma organoids spheroids tumor microenvironment

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Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

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Published on: May 18, 2018

A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis

A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis

Published on: March 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Biotechnology

Background:

Immunotherapy shows promise for melanoma but faces resistance issues.
Current melanoma models have limitations in replicating tumor complexity and human physiology.
There is a critical need for advanced models to study resistance mechanisms and develop novel therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advancements in melanoma understanding and treatment.
To discuss the development, applications, and limitations of various melanoma models.
To highlight future directions for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on melanoma models.
Analysis of 2D cell cultures, animal models, 3D in vitro models (organoids, spheroids, skin cultures), and organ-on-chip systems.
Evaluation of model relevance to tumor microenvironment and immune suppression.

Main Results:

2D cultures are high-throughput but lack complexity.
Animal models have physiological differences.
3D in vitro and organ-on-chip models show promise but require further refinement to fully recapitulate human tumor complexity.
Significant progress has been made in developing models that complement and potentially replace animal studies.

Conclusions:

Advanced melanoma models are essential for understanding and overcoming therapeutic resistance.
3D in vitro and organ-on-chip technologies offer more physiologically relevant platforms.
Further development is needed to fully replicate human tumor complexity and facilitate novel drug discovery.