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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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    Recent advances in liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) focus on molecular engineering and hierarchical structures. These soft materials show promise for applications in integrated circuits, energy, and advanced technologies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Polymer Science
    • Materials Science
    • Soft Matter Physics

    Background:

    • Liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) integrate properties of liquid crystals and polymers.
    • Recent research explores LCPs through molecular engineering and hierarchical structuring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight recent advances in LCPs concerning molecular engineering, hierarchical structures, and applications.
    • To discuss the potential of LCPs in emerging technological fields.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing sequence control in polymer synthesis to tailor LCP primary structures.
    • Incorporating mesogenic motifs to influence LCP phases, order, and hierarchical structures.

    Main Results:

    • Sequence control enables precise tailoring of LCP primary structures, phases, and orders.
    • Mesogenic motifs contribute to novel bulk and interfacial structures across hierarchical scales.

    Conclusions:

    • LCPs possess intrinsic features and properties suitable for advanced applications.
    • Emerging applications in integrated circuits, lasing, environment, and energy highlight opportunities for LCPs in science and technology.