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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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The new progress in cancer immunotherapy.

Ajmeri Sultana Shimu1, Hua-Xing Wei2, Qiangsheng Li1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.

Clinical and Experimental Medicine
|September 15, 2022
PubMed
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This review explores immunotherapy, a promising cancer treatment targeting immune checkpoints to enhance the body's immune response against tumors. It highlights new targets for developing effective cancer therapies.

Keywords:
CancerImmune checkpointImmunotherapyNK cellsSIRP-αSiglec

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Tumor microenvironment crosstalk causes immunosuppression, promoting cancer growth.
  • Immunotherapy offers a targeted approach, unlike traditional chemotherapy or radiation.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors and T cell therapies show efficacy against various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms of current immunotherapies.
  • To explore T cell, NK cell, and other immune checkpoint therapies.
  • To identify novel immunomodulatory targets for future cancer treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing immunotherapy approaches.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of immune checkpoints.
  • Synthesis of information on innate and adaptive immune checkpoints.

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoints are crucial in preventing tumorigenesis.
  • Targeting these checkpoints can suppress tumor growth.
  • Existing therapies like immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding immune checkpoints is key to cancer immunotherapy.
  • New targets for innate and adaptive immunomodulation are emerging.
  • This knowledge will drive the development of more effective cancer therapies.