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Summary

Local plant diversity is increasing in Switzerland, but this recovery is uneven. Wind-pollinated and generalist insect-pollinated species are thriving, while specialized species are not benefiting equally.

Keywords:
EvennessFloristic changeFlower colourFlower typeFunctional diversityPollinationReproductive ecologySelf-incompatibility

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Botany
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Local floristic diversity declined significantly in Central Europe during the 20th century.
  • While diversity has increased in some regions since the 1990s, the distribution of this recovery across plant groups with different reproductive traits remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the recent increase in local plant species richness in Switzerland is equally distributed among species with different reproductive traits.
  • To identify which plant functional traits are driving the observed changes in species frequency.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring Program, recording plant species occurrence in 450 1 km² sites since 2001.
  • Researched reproductive traits for 1774 plant species, including flower type/color, reproductive system, and flower visitor groups.
  • Analyzed temporal changes in species frequency in relation to these different trait states.

Main Results:

  • Species richness and functional richness significantly increased, while functional evenness decreased.
  • Wind-pollinated species increased more than insect-pollinated species.
  • Self-compatible species increased more than self-incompatible species; generalist-pollinated species increased more than specialist-pollinated species.

Conclusions:

  • The increase in Swiss plant species richness is primarily driven by wind-pollinated, generalist insect-pollinated, and self-compatible species.
  • Plant species with specialized reproductive traits and those relying on specialized pollinators are not benefiting equally from the current diversity increase.
  • Conservation planning and monitoring must consider functional traits, with a focus on protecting plant species with specialized reproductive strategies.