Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.

Fermi Level Dynamics

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Deconstructing dynamics of symmetry breaking.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Same author

Pushing the boundary of quantum advantage in hard combinatorial optimization with probabilistic computers.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Approaching the scaling limit of transport through lattices with dephasing.

The Journal of chemical physics·2025

Same author

Empowering deep neural quantum states through efficient optimization.

Nature physics·2024

Same author

Topological Defect Formation in a Phase Transition with Tunable Order.

Physical review letters·2024

Same author

Coherent Many-Body Oscillations Induced by a Superposition of Broken Symmetry States in the Wake of a Quantum Phase Transition.

Physical review letters·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Quantum phase transition dynamics in the two-dimensional transverse-field Ising model.

Markus Schmitt¹, Marek M Rams², Jacek Dziarmaga²

¹Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.

Science Advances

|September 16, 2022

Summary

The quantum Kibble-Zurek mechanism (QKZM) is explored in 2D interacting quantum matter. Researchers quantified universal QKZM behavior and proposed an extended model for deviations, aiding higher-dimensional quantum simulations.

More Related Videos

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Condensed matter theory
Quantum phase transitions

Background:

The quantum Kibble-Zurek mechanism (QKZM) describes universal dynamics near quantum phase transitions (QPTs).
Understanding QKZM in higher dimensions is challenging due to complex QPTs and conformal field theories.
Previous work primarily focused on one-dimensional quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically explore the QKZM in two-dimensional interacting quantum matter.
To investigate the dynamical crossing of a QPT in the two-dimensional Ising model.
To quantify universal QKZM behavior and identify deviations in higher dimensions.

Main Methods:

Utilized state-of-the-art numerical methods, including artificial neural networks and tensor networks.
Studied the paradigmatic two-dimensional Ising model.
Analyzed the dynamical crossing of the quantum phase transition.

Main Results:

Quantified universal QKZM behavior near the two-dimensional QPT.
Observed deviations from QKZM predictions when traversing deeper into the ferromagnetic regime.
Proposed an extended QKZM incorporating spectral information and phase ordering to explain observed phenomena.

Conclusions:

The study provides the first theoretical exploration of QKZM in 2D interacting quantum matter.
The findings offer insights into deviations from universal behavior in higher dimensions.
This work establishes a framework for testing higher-dimensional quantum simulators.