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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Lyme Disease in Children.

Carol A McCarthy1, Jason A Helis2, Brian E Daikh3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Barbara Bush Children's Hospital at Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Maine Medical Partners Pediatric Specialty Care, 887 Congress Street, Suite 310, Portland, ME 04102, USA.

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
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PubMed
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Lyme disease, a common tick-borne illness in the US, affects children most. Early recognition and treatment with oral therapy are key to managing this prevalent infectious disease.

Keywords:
ChildIntracranial hypertensionLyme diseaseTick bitesTick-borne diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Lyme disease is the most frequently reported vector-borne illness in the United States.
  • Highest incidence observed in children aged 5-9 years, with a male predominance.
  • Erythema migrans, the common manifestation, is often unrecognized, increasing complication risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the epidemiology and clinical considerations of Lyme disease.
  • To emphasize appropriate diagnostic and treatment strategies.
  • To underscore the importance of prevention and tick bite management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current epidemiological data on Lyme disease incidence.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations, focusing on erythema migrans recognition.
  • Guidelines for diagnostic testing based on clinical syndrome and geographic exposure.

Main Results:

  • Lyme disease testing is recommended only for consistent clinical syndromes in endemic areas.
  • Most Lyme disease cases are effectively treated with short oral therapy courses.
  • Prevention and management of tick bites are crucial for controlling the disease.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt recognition and appropriate management are vital for Lyme disease.
  • Targeted testing and oral antibiotic therapy are effective for most cases.
  • Public health efforts should focus on tick bite prevention and education.