Balance between the cell viability and death in 3D.

Area of Science:

• * Biotechnology and Cell Biology
• * Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Background:

• * Traditional cell death assessment is often binary and destructive.
• * 3D multicellular models (spheroids, organoids, assembloids) challenge conventional viability metrics.
• * Quantifying cell viability in complex 3D structures requires advanced approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To review cell viability and death assessment in 3D multicellular models.
• * To explore challenges in defining and quantifying cell death in these complex systems.
• * To identify emerging methodologies for continuous, non-destructive viability analysis.

Main Methods:

• * Literature review focusing on cell death modalities in 3D models.
• * Analysis of intrinsic features of spheroids, organoids, and bioprinted tissues.
• * Examination of novel biofabrication, biosensor, and microscopy techniques.

Main Results:

• * Existing methods for cell viability are often inadequate for complex 3D models.
• * 3D models necessitate continuous, non-destructive assays for single-cell resolution.
• * Emerging technologies show promise for dynamic assessment of cell viability.

Conclusions:

• * Innovations in biofabrication and biosensor development are crucial.
• * Advanced fluorescence microscopy enables better understanding of cell death dynamics.
• * New methodologies are essential for accurate cell viability assessment in 3D tissue models.