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Updated: Aug 28, 2025
Transvaginal Mesh Insertion in the Ovine Model
Published on: July 27, 2017
Validation of an ovine vesicovaginal fistula model
Lennart P Maljaars1,2, Stephen T Jeffery3, Marlou Scholten4,5
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.p.maljaars@amsterdamumc.nl.
Introduction And Hypothesis:
A representative, large animal model of vesicovaginal fistulas is needed for the training of surgeons and for the development of new surgical techniques and materials for obstetric fistula repair.
Methods:
The safety, feasibility, and reproducibility of vesicovaginal fistula creation were studied in 4 adult female sheep. A 1-cm fistula was created between the vagina and the bladder through a transvaginal approach. The defect was allowed to heal for 8 weeks and the animals were then euthanized. The primary outcome was the fistula patency. Secondary outcomes were fistula size, urogenital dimensions, urodynamic evaluation, histology (inflammation, vascularization, collagen deposition) and biomechanical characteristics of the fistula edge (stress at break, maximum elongation, and stiffness).
Results:
The transvaginal creation of a vesicovaginal fistula was safe. All animals survived the surgical procedure and follow-up period, without complications. Three of the four animals demonstrated a patent vesicovaginal fistula after 8 weeks. Baseline data are provided of the urogenital dimensions and the urodynamic, histological, and biomechanical characteristics of the model.
Conclusions:
The ewe is a safe, feasible, and reproducible model for vesicovaginal fistulas. The model can help to study new techniques and materials to boost surgical innovation for vesicovaginal fistula repair.
