Unraveling hydridic-to-protonic dihydrogen bond predominance in monohydrated dodecaborate clusters

Hydridic-to-protonic dihydrogen bonds (DHBs) are involved in comprehensive structural and energetic evolution, and significantly affect reactivity and selectivity in solution and solid states. Grand challenges exist in understanding DHBs' bonding nature and strength, and how to harness DHBs. Herein we launched a combined photoelectron spectroscopy and multiscale theoretical investigation using monohydrated closo-dodecaborate clusters B₁₂X₁₂ ^2-·H₂O (X = H, F, I) to address such challenges. For the first time, a consistent and unambiguous picture is unraveled demonstrating that B-H⋯H-O DHBs are superior to the conventional B-X⋯H-O HBs, being 1.15 and 4.61 kcal mol^-1 stronger than those with X = F and I, respectively. Energy decomposition analyses reveal that induction and dispersion terms make pronounced contributions resulting in a stronger B-H⋯H-O DHB. These findings call out more attention to the prominent roles of DHBs in water environments and pave the way for efficient and eco-friendly catalytic dihydrogen production based on optimized hydridic-to-protonic interactions.