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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

An Implantable System For Chronic In Vivo Electromyography
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Large-scale intramuscular electrode system for chronic electromyography and functional electrical stimulation.

Nicole L Holly1, Brady A Hasse2, Katalin M Gothard1,3,4

  • 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|September 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed stable intramuscular electrodes for long-term muscle monitoring and electrical stimulation. This system reliably recorded electromyographic signals and evoked muscle forces in nonhuman primates for several months.

Keywords:
electrodeselectromyographyfunctional electrical stimulationstability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Understanding central nervous system (CNS) control of movement requires monitoring multiple muscles.
  • Restoring movement to paralyzed limbs via electrical stimulation necessitates access to numerous limb muscles.
  • Intramuscular electrodes are crucial for isolated muscle recording and stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and assess the long-term stability of large arrays of implanted intramuscular electrodes.
  • To evaluate the system's efficacy for both recording muscle activity and delivering electrical stimulation.

Main Methods:

  • Implanted 58 intramuscular electrodes in 29 upper limb muscles of three macaques.
  • Utilized a skull-mounted chamber for electrode connector protection and subcutaneous wire tunneling.
  • Employed gold anchors for electrode fixation and an insertion device for deployment.
  • Secured chambers to the skull using titanium baseplates in two subjects.
  • Recorded electromyographic (EMG) signals during reaching movements up to 15 weeks post-surgery.
  • Measured evoked muscle forces in response to electrical stimulation at 4, 8, and 16 weeks post-surgery.

Main Results:

  • EMG signals demonstrated stability across multiple sessions, with an average coefficient of variation of 0.24 ± 0.15.
  • No significant difference was found in the threshold current required to evoke a response at 16 weeks compared to 4 weeks.
  • Peak evoked force at 16 weeks was comparable to that at 4 weeks for a 16 mA stimulus current.
  • The system maintained stable recording and stimulation capabilities over several months.

Conclusions:

  • The developed intramuscular electrode system offers long-lasting stability for recording and stimulation.
  • This technology is suitable for monitoring and stimulating a large number of muscles.
  • It holds significant potential for advancing the understanding of natural and evoked movement control.