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Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

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Published on: April 16, 2018

Hydrogels Enable Future Smart Batteries.

Peihua Yang¹, Jin-Lin Yang², Kang Liu³

¹The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.

|September 21, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Smart batteries using hydrogels can adapt to various conditions. Further research is needed to bridge the gap between hydrogel design and battery performance for all-climate power sources.

Keywords:

aqueous batteries chemical stability dendrites flexible batteries polyionic chains smart hydrogels temperature adaptability wearable electronics

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Polymer Science

Background:

Intelligent devices like wearables and AI drive demand for advanced smart batteries.
Hydrogels offer potential for self-adjusting battery functions based on operational conditions.
Current hydrogel-based smart batteries face performance limitations despite diverse design possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the fundamentals of hydrogels, including their formation, structure, and ion/water characteristics.
To highlight batteries utilizing hydrogels for operation under challenging mechanical and temperature conditions.
To outline challenges and opportunities for advancing hydrogel applications in smart batteries.

Main Methods:

Review of hydrogel fundamentals (formation, structure, water/ion characteristics).
Analysis of hydrogel-enabled batteries for extreme conditions.
Identification of research gaps and future directions.

Main Results:

Hydrogels enable smart batteries to adjust functions based on operational demands.
Hydrogels facilitate battery operation under unusual mechanical stress and temperatures.
A performance gap exists between hydrogel design capabilities and battery expectations.

Conclusions:

Hydrogels are crucial for developing adaptable smart batteries.
Further research is essential to optimize hydrogel properties for enhanced battery performance.
Future work should focus on all-climate power sources and intelligent wearables.