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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Published on: July 1, 2019

Aerial additive manufacturing with multiple autonomous robots.

Ketao Zhang^1,2, Pisak Chermprayong¹, Feng Xiao¹

¹Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, UK.

|September 21, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Aerial additive manufacturing (Aerial-AM) uses flying robots for 3D printing, inspired by natural builders. This scalable framework enables autonomous construction in challenging locations.

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Area of Science:

Robotics and Automation
Construction Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Additive manufacturing (AM) is advancing with static and mobile robots for construction and prefabrication.
Existing methods face limitations in accessibility and complex geometries.
Nature-inspired collective building strategies offer potential for novel AM approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce Aerial Additive Manufacturing (Aerial-AM), a novel 3D printing method using a team of aerial robots.
To present a scalable framework for multi-robot 3D printing and path planning adaptable to building geometry.
To enable autonomous, in-flight construction with real-time monitoring and adaptive robot behavior.

Main Methods:

Developed a scalable multi-robot 3D printing and path-planning framework for Aerial-AM.
Integrated autonomous aerial robots (BuilDrones for printing, ScanDrones for quality assessment).
Incorporated real-time model-predictive control, a self-aligning delta manipulator, and developed four composite material mixtures.

Main Results:

Demonstrated proof-of-concept prints including a 2.05m foam cylinder and a 0.18m cementitious cylinder.
Achieved manufacturing accuracy of five millimeters for precise trajectory requirements.
Validated autonomous Aerial-AM through real-world prints and multi-robot simulations.

Conclusions:

Aerial-AM enables in-flight manufacturing using swarms of aerial robots.
The developed framework supports autonomous construction with adaptive capabilities.
Aerial-AM presents future possibilities for construction in unbounded, elevated, or hard-to-access environments.