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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
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Exportin-inspired artificial cell nuclear-exporting nanosystems.

Mitsuo Inui1, Yuta Hamada1, Nana Sejima1

  • 1Department of Nanobiochemistry, Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan nagahama@konan-u.ac.jp.

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|September 22, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created a novel artificial nanosystem that mimics natural importin/exportin proteins to remove harmful compounds from the cell nucleus.

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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nuclear pore complexes regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Abnormal accumulation of compounds in the nucleus can lead to cellular dysfunction.
  • Naturally occurring importin/exportin proteins facilitate nuclear transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an artificial nanosystem for targeted nuclear export.
  • To mimic the transport mechanisms of importin/exportin proteins.
  • To address the challenge of removing abnormally accumulated nuclear compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of an artificial nanosystem.
  • Characterization of the nanosystem's structural and chemical properties.
  • Evaluation of the nanosystem's efficacy in eliminating nuclear compounds.

Main Results:

  • Successful development of an artificial nuclear-exporting nanosystem.
  • Demonstration of the nanosystem's ability to pass through nuclear pore complexes.
  • Evidence of the nanosystem's capability to eliminate accumulated nuclear compounds.

Conclusions:

  • The artificial nanosystem effectively removes abnormal nuclear accumulations.
  • This technology offers a novel approach for nuclear compound clearance.
  • The findings provide a foundation for developing new therapeutic strategies.