Advanced pillared designs for two-dimensional materials in electrochemical energy storage

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increased attention as advanced electrodes in electrochemical energy storage owing to their thin nature and large specific surface area. However, limited interlayer spacing confines the mass and ion transport within the layers, resulting in poor rate performance. Considerable efforts have been made to deal with this intrinsic problem of pristine 2D materials. Among them, interlayer engineering through pillared designs offers abundant electrochemical active sites and promotes ion diffusion. Synergetic effects between incorporated species and 2D hosts offer much better conductivity and surface modification. As a result, 2D materials with advanced pillared designs demonstrate great enhancement of specific capacity/capacitance and rate performance. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of pillared 2D materials in relation to the intercalated species. Moreover, we highlight their typical applications in lithium-ion storage and beyond to provide some insights on future trends towards this research area.