Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

12.9K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
12.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Artificial intelligence in neuropsychological practice-tool selection, privacy, and billing guidance.

The Clinical neuropsychologist·2026
Same author

Substantia nigra pars reticulata involvement in auditory hallucinations of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a deep brain stimulation case report.

Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Functional Evidence for Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Involvement in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same author

Protein aggregation identified in olfactory neuronal cells is associated with cognitive impairments in a subset of living schizophrenia patients.

Molecular psychiatry·2025
Same author

Emotional Loneliness Is Related to Objective Cognitive Function in Older People With HIV in the Washington-Baltimore Area: A Cross-sectional Study.

The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC·2024
Same author

Within-Person Test Score Distributions: How Typical Is "Normal"?

Assessment·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

23.6K

Do "effort tests" really test effort?

Alison S Buchholz1, Jonathan DeRight1, Gwendolyn J Gerner1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Neuropsychology
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to measure cognitive effort. Enhanced incentives increased cognitive test performance and effort, but standard validity tests did not detect low effort.

More Related Videos

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise
11:15

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

Published on: March 20, 2012

41.6K
Measuring the Motor Aspect of Cancer-Related Fatigue using a Handheld Dynamometer
07:22

Measuring the Motor Aspect of Cancer-Related Fatigue using a Handheld Dynamometer

Published on: February 20, 2020

5.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

23.6K
Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise
11:15

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

Published on: March 20, 2012

41.6K
Measuring the Motor Aspect of Cancer-Related Fatigue using a Handheld Dynamometer
07:22

Measuring the Motor Aspect of Cancer-Related Fatigue using a Handheld Dynamometer

Published on: February 20, 2020

5.9K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Cognitive effort is crucial for performance on cognitive tests.
  • Understanding and measuring cognitive effort is challenging.
  • Previous methods lack sensitivity in detecting subtle variations in effort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate an experimental paradigm for manipulating and measuring cognitive effort.
  • To investigate the relationship between incentives and cognitive effort.
  • To identify reliable markers of low cognitive effort.

Main Methods:

  • 38 participants were assigned to either a standard incentive (SI) or enhanced incentive (EI) condition.
  • Cognitive performance and performance validity testing (PVT) were assessed at baseline and follow-up.
  • EI participants received a bonus based on performance improvement, while SI participants received a chance-based bonus.

Main Results:

  • The EI group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in cognitive test performance compared to the SI group.
  • Participants in the EI group reported and were rated as exerting higher effort.
  • While standard PVT measures did not correlate with low baseline effort, physical indicators like resting one's head or slouching did.

Conclusions:

  • The developed paradigm offers a promising approach to manipulate and study cognitive effort.
  • Standard PVTs are effective for detecting malingered cognitive impairment but not subtle variations in cognitive effort.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the nuances of cognitive effort and its measurement.