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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

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Closed-loop TMS-EEG reactivity with occipital alpha-phase synchronized.

Zhaohuan Ding1, Yong Wang2, Jiaxi Li1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Closed-loop transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalogram (TMS-EEG) enhances experimental repeatability. This study shows that EEG reactivity to TMS depends on the underlying cortical oscillation phase, advancing neuroscience research.

Keywords:
TEPclosed-loop TMS-EEGinter trial phase coherencenatural frequency

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology
  • Brain Stimulation Techniques

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalogram (TMS-EEG) is vital in neuroscience.
  • Closed-loop TMS systems are gaining attention but their characteristics are under-explored.
  • Understanding EEG reactivity to TMS based on cortical oscillation phase is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dependence of EEG reactivity on cortical oscillation phase during TMS.
  • To explore the characteristics of closed-loop TMS-EEG.
  • To analyze TMS-EEG data contingent on occipital alpha phase.

Main Methods:

  • Collected closed-loop TMS-EEG data from 30 healthy volunteers.
  • Verified the real-time accuracy of the closed-loop system.
  • Analyzed inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC), TMS-induced natural frequency, N100 potentials, and spatial characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Closed-loop TMS-EEG demonstrated higher ITPC than open-loop TMS-EEG, improving experimental repeatability.
  • Alpha power varied with TMS coil orientation (0° vs. 180°).
  • N100 amplitude and latency were significantly influenced by TMS stimulation angle (90° vs. 270°), and N45-P70-N100 potentials were phase-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms that EEG reactivity under TMS stimulation is dependent on the cortical oscillation phase.
  • Closed-loop TMS-EEG offers improved experimental reliability.
  • Findings contribute to a deeper understanding of brain dynamics and TMS-EEG interactions.