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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Sex-Differences in Pain and Opioid Use Disorder Management: A Cross-Sectional Real-World Study.

Mónica Escorial1,2, Javier Muriel1, César Margarit1,3

  • 1Neuropharmacology Applied to Pain (NED), Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), c/Pintor Baeza, 12, 03010 Alicante, Spain.

Biomedicines
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Opioid use disorder (OUD) risk profiles show significant sex differences in chronic pain patients. Understanding these differences is key for developing targeted prevention strategies for both males and females.

Keywords:
chronic non-cancer paingender disparitiesopioid use disorderpain managementprevention programssex-differences

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Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sex-specific factors are crucial in pain management and opioid use disorder (OUD) risk.
  • Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) patients on long-term opioids are a vulnerable population.
  • Exploring sex differences in OUD risk among CNCP outpatients is clinically relevant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential sex-based differences in chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) outpatients.
  • To identify distinct risk profiles for opioid use disorder (OUD) based on sex.
  • To inform the development of sex-tailored OUD prevention programs.

Main Methods:

  • Observational, cross-sectional study of 806 CNCP outpatients on long-term opioid therapy.
  • Comparison of socio-demographic, clinical, and pharmacological data between OUD cases and controls.
  • Analysis of sex-specific outcomes, including medication use and adverse drug reactions.

Main Results:

  • Female controls were older, had less intensive pain therapy, but higher psychotropic prescriptions and ER visits than male controls.
  • OUD cases were younger, had higher work disability, double MME daily dose, and higher benzodiazepine use than controls.
  • Female OUD cases showed higher substance use disorder risk and lower tramadol use; male OUD cases had higher fentanyl use and more adverse drug reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct sex-specific risk profiles for opioid use disorder (OUD) were identified in chronic pain patients.
  • These findings highlight the need for sex-tailored approaches in OUD prevention and management.
  • Clinical attention to sex differences can optimize pain management and reduce OUD risk.