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Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Genetic Variation01:25

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Environmentally Induced Heritable Changes in Flax
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Exploring epigenetic variation for breeding climate resilient apple crops.

Janne Lempe1, Henryk Flachowsky1, Andreas Peil1

  • 1Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany.

Physiologia Plantarum
|September 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Climate change causes earlier apple flowering, increasing frost risk. Epigenetic variation offers a promising avenue for developing climate-resilient apple cultivars through stable, environmentally induced changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Horticulture and Plant Breeding
  • Climate Change Adaptation
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Warmer temperatures due to climate change are advancing apple phenology, particularly flowering times.
  • Earlier flowering increases the vulnerability of apple crops to frost damage, impacting fruit production.
  • Current breeding strategies require novel approaches to develop climate-resilient apple cultivars.

Approach:

  • This review examines the impact of climate change on apple phenology.
  • It explores the potential of epigenetic variation as a resource for apple breeding.
  • The review highlights the criteria for applying epigenetic variation in breeding programs.

Key Points:

  • Epigenetic variation can be induced by environmental factors.
  • This variation can lead to observable phenotypic differences in apple trees.
  • Stability of epigenetic variation across generations is crucial for breeding applications.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic variation presents a viable strategy for developing apple cultivars adapted to changing climates.
  • Further research is needed to understand the heritability and stability of environmentally induced epigenetic changes in apples.
  • Harnessing epigenetic mechanisms can enhance the resilience of apple fruit production against climate change impacts.