Aspergillus-bees: A dynamic symbiotic association

Area of Science:

• Mycology
• Apiculture
• Insect Pathology

Background:

• The genus *Aspergillus* comprises fungi that are significant threats to human and animal health.
• Opportunistic *Aspergillus* species can infect bees at all life stages, with over 30 species identified in managed and wild bees.
• Bee behaviors like diseased brood removal complicate diagnosis, potentially underestimating aspergillosis impact in beekeeping.

Purpose of the Study:

• To explore the complex relationship between *Aspergillus* species and bees.
• To investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of *Aspergillus* in bees, focusing on toxins and hydrolytic enzymes.
• To understand the factors influencing the shift between mutualistic and antagonistic interactions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing research on *Aspergillus* in bees.
• Analysis of virulence factors, including toxins and hydrolytic enzymes.
• Examination of host-pathogen dynamics and environmental influences.

Main Results:

• *Aspergillus* infections can affect bees across all developmental stages.
• Pathogenicity is linked to toxins and hydrolytic enzymes, with strain-specific variations in virulence factors.
• Bee immune responses can be compromised by stress and weak co-evolutionary links with *Aspergillus*.

Conclusions:

• *Aspergillus* poses a dual threat and potential benefit to bees, depending on environmental factors and strain characteristics.
• The interplay between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains influences the bee-fungus relationship.
• Further research is needed to fully understand and manage aspergillosis in bee populations.