Synthesis, physical properties, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles: a review

Recent innovations in nanotechnology have opened the applicability of multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedical diagnosis and treatment. The examples of NPs which have attracted considerable attention in recent years are metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Mg), alloys (e.g., Fe-Co, Fe-Pd, Fe-Pt, Co-Pt), iron oxides (e.g., Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄), substituted ferrites (e.g., MnFe₂O₄ and CoFe₂O₄), manganites (e.g., [Formula: see text]), etc. Special attention has been paid to magnetic NPs (MNPs), as they are the potential candidates for several biomedical appliances, such as hyperthermia applications, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast imaging, and drug delivery. To achieve effective MNPs, a thorough investigation on the synthesis, and characteristic properties, including size, magnetic properties, and toxicity, is required. Furthermore, the surfaces of the NPs must be tailored to improve the biocompatibility properties and reduce agglomeration. The present review focuses on different mechanisms to develop biocompatible MNPs. The utility of these MNPs in various biomedical applications, especially in treating and diagnosing human diseases, such as targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment for cancer, and other biomedical diagnoses, is thoroughly discussed in this article. Different synthetic processes and important physical properties of these MNPs and their biocomposites are presented.