Thulium Fiber Laser Behavior on Tissue During Upper- and Lower-Tract Endourology

To present the latest evidence on thulium fiber laser (TFL) effects on tissue, during lithotripsy and ablation, emphasizing on generated temperatures, thermal damage thresholds, incision depths, areas of coagulation, and laser damage.

Lasers are frequently utilized during endoscopic treatment of different urological conditions. The holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) is most frequently used for various types of stones and soft tissue. The TFL has been recently introduced, offering several advantages. However, its activity on tissue during upper and lower tract endourology is poorly understood. At equivalent power settings, TFL and Ho:YAG generate similar temperature changes during lithotripsy. TFL has a shallow incision depth during tissue ablation. Compared to SP TFL, (cw) TFL results in a broader coagulation zone, whereas SP TFL gives of Ho:YAG-similar incision, and (cw) TFL offers a quick, precise cut with more carbonization.