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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
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Integrated optical frequency comb for 5G NR Xhauls.

Eduardo Saia Lima1, Ramon Maia Borges2, Nicola Andriolli3

  • 1Laboratório WOCA, (Inatel), Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Brazil. elima@get.inatel.br.

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This study showcases a photonic integrated circuit generating optical frequency combs for 5G mobile networks. The system supports fiber and free-space optics links, meeting 3GPP requirements with high throughput.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Optical Communications
  • Wireless Networking and Mobile Communications
  • Integrated Optics and Photonics

Background:

  • Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks require high-capacity, low-latency fronthaul and midhaul solutions.
  • Traditional optical distribution networks face challenges in flexibility and scalability for 5G deployments.
  • Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) offer a promising platform for compact and efficient optical signal generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a flexible optical distribution network for 5G Xhauls using a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) based optical frequency comb (OFC).
  • To evaluate the performance of an Indium Phosphide (InP) monolithically integrated OFC in a centralized radio access network (C-RAN) architecture.
  • To assess the system's capability in simultaneously supporting fiber-optic and free-space optics (FSO) links for 5G fronthaul and midhaul.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a broadly tunable OFC using cascaded optical modulators on an InP PIC.
  • Optical generation of two low-phase noise millimeter-wave (mmWave) signals.
  • Integration of 12.5-km single-mode fiber (SMF) fronthaul and midhaul links with a 10-m FSO fronthaul link.
  • Deployment of two 10-m reach 5G wireless access networks operating in the 26 GHz band (FR2).

Main Results:

  • The integrated OFC-based system successfully supported simultaneous SMF and FSO links for 5G Xhauls.
  • The system achieved performance compliant with 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 15 requirements.
  • A total wireless throughput of 900 Mbit/s was demonstrated for the 5G wireless access networks.

Conclusions:

  • PIC-based OFCs provide a flexible and high-performance solution for 5G optical distribution networks.
  • The demonstrated C-RAN architecture effectively integrates fiber-optic and FSO links for 5G fronthaul and midhaul.
  • This approach paves the way for scalable and cost-effective 5G network deployments.